Sub-Saharan Africa’s energy transition is not just a climate story; it’s also an economic one. For millions of people across the continent, electrification means gaining access to energy services for the first time. However, financing that transition remains a challenge;...

The energy transition depends crucially on firms' incentives and abilities to develop new, cleaner technologies. Our research shows that mergers and acquisitions can help carbon-intensive, “dirty” firms break with established innovation trajectories by acquiring and building on clean technologies, offering...

Low-carbon fuels are essential where direct electrification is difficult, especially in aviation, shipping and the chemical industry. But they are not automatically clean, cheap or secure. Their climate benefit and supply depend on where they are produced, which electricity powers...